Gateway Antarctica: Syndicate Reports
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Item Open Access Ecosystem services(2019) Pepperall, Neree; Shalev, Amit; Snodgrass, JoeAntarctic ecosystem services have begun to be assessed formally only in recent years and they have not been quantified or otherwise calculated in a comprehensive and consistent manner. This report summarises some of what has been done in this regard, identifying tools and methods used to calculate these ecosystem services and examining approaches used for valuation as well as the explicit and implicit valuations driven by the Antarctic Treaty System. The report discusses some implications of valuation and their potential ramifications on utilisation and governance, taking the point that ecosystem services valuation should not be approached purely with market-driven methods, and that where those approaches are used, they must capture indirect costs in addition to direct costs and benefits from the get-go. The risks of doing otherwise include not just unbalanced utilisation but the potential destabilisation of the Antarctic Treaty System itself. As such, communication approaches and materials, whether originating from national Antarctic programs and researchers and aimed at the public or at governance bodies, or whether originating from governance bodies and aimed at their greater stakeholders and governments, should reflect and articulate valuation methods that consider many interdependent considerations. Further, they should shape their communications with an eye toward multidisciplinary audiences and thus avoid narrow, domain-specific perspectives.Item Open Access The future of Antarctic governance(2019) Day, Thalia; Freer, Bryony; Gardiner, Natasha; Irvine, HenryThe Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) is now situated in a vastly changed environmental and geopolitical context from the one in which it was conceived and developed. Looking ahead, future trajectories for human activities in the Antarctic and their governance are numerous and uncertain. This necessitates an interdisciplinary examination of the ATS, so that the extent to which it can survive as a successful governance regime in the face of future challenges can be determined, and active changes made accordingly. Here, the foundational values of the ATS – peace, science, cooperation – are shown as a useful basis to evaluate its current challenges. Through detailed case-studies of whaling and IUU fishing, weaknesses that characterise the system at present are exposed. These pertain to exploited ambiguity, avoidance of key issues, misalignment with other international agreements and enforcement. Subsequently, exploitative human activities in the Antarctic by 2050 are considered in terms of the emerging drivers of global change. Given the shortcomings identified, the ATS in its current form is deemed inadequate to deal with such issues. Thus, it cannot survive without amendment beyond 2100. The paper closes with strategic recommendations, directed at addressing each of the current weaknesses, made in the view that a re-focus and reimagination of the ATS’ foundational values could reignite this faultering governance regime.Item Open Access The implications of 1.5°C global warming for the Antarctic(2019) Baxter, Charlotte; Foster, Rose; Montie, Shinae; Nassani, AlaeddinA global increase in temperature of 1.5°C is predicted to have disastrous effects on ecosystems around the world, particularly in Antarctica. The implications of this global warming effect have been discussed at length in many scholarly papers. Implications are not only limited to biophysical realms but reach to both socioeconomic and political aspects as well. Antarctica as a continent is vulnerable to the radiating impact of climate change in all of these areas. Ice dynamics, wildlife, conservation, fisheries, tourism, mining, and governance are all at risk. An increase of 1.5°C is explored in this syndicate report, however, this value is considered to be rather conservative and is posed as a preferable future scenario. Serious action needs to be taken in order to protect the future of Antarctica, as the expected increase in temperature is likely to be much greater than 1.5°C.Item Open Access Antarctic heritage revisited(2019) Engel, Kamen; McBride, Sean; Vijayaraghavan, Ramcharan; Ziemke-Dickens, CarolineThe concept of cultural heritage, and what the term encompasses is forever changing as the society around us develops through time. The determination that something is considered as heritage or not has the ability to transform it from an everyday article into a historically significant object with the power to recreate points in our shared history which can be revisited in the present day. A formal definition of cultural heritage did not appear in the Antarctic Treaty (ATS) System until 1995, and one element this paper aims to identify how the treaty system developed a unique regime for the designation, regulation and management of Antarctic heritage. This report also attempts to provide insight into the challenges facing the ATS when designating, regulating, and managing Antarctic heritage, and attempts to highlight the role of the rapidly growing tourism industry in relation to Antarctic heritage.Item Open Access Terra Futura: Antarctica in science fiction narratives.(2018) Clery, Regina; Frame, Bob; Lindeman, Rob; Scott, Christine; Stent, SimonAcross a range of genres, and from multiple sources, we have explored the main themes of specific science fiction works and how they contribute to public discourse on the Antarctic. In this case we have defined science fiction as aspirational perspectives of the future from any point in time. Selected works have been examined through multiple readings using a shortened form of critical discourse analysis. The results are ordered around a simple analytical framework in which the main themes can be summarized as Political (global, scientific, personal identity); Economic (mining, tourism, science); Social (heroism); Technological (various innovations and research itself); Legal (often conspicuous by its absence); and Environmental (global change processes). Examining these as an ensemble of themes we conclude that the science fiction genre is largely one of hidden shallows with occasional great depths. Furthermore, it is important as much for what it excludes from public debate, rather than its insights alone. We have also represented our work through a performative work in the science fiction genre.Item Open Access Antarctic future technologies.(2018) Fletcher, Ashley; Battaerd, Bjorn; Mills, Francesca; Rees, Olivia; Gillies, TasmanScience in Antarctica has greatly increased our knowledge of climate, the Earth’s history and the human impact on the world’s environments, yet scientific activities in Antarctica are having a direct impact on the immediate environment. Fossil fuels are relied on to run nearly all operations on the continent and activities can have direct impacts to the physical environment. New technologies are providing a means to reduce these impacts in Antarctica and this report aims to showcase some of these. Renewable energies such as wind and solar power; waste management technologies such as a membrane bioreactor and Permeable Reactive Barriers; field science technologies such as the MinION and WindSled; data networking and communicative technologies are all discussed. The chosen technologies highlight the opportunity for National Antarctic Programs to reduce their physical impact, carbon footprint, improve science practices and encourage collaboration in Antarctica.Item Open Access Antarctic sea ice and its implications.(2018) Ahearn, John; Grover-Johnson, Olivia; Kringen, Tayele; Miller, Anna; Power, ChloeGlobal warming has caused a significant decrease in sea ice coverage in the Arctic. This is having far reaching implications for the ecosystems, as well as dramatically changing the way that humans interact with the Arctic environment. Climate models predicted that a similar decrease in sea ice would occur in the Antarctic. However, since regular observations began in 1979, the sea ice extent in the Antarctic has been increasing. We review current research that identifies numerous atmospheric and oceanic factors that are influencing sea ice trends. These factors have helped to explain some of the changes observed in sea ice extent at a regional level, but still do not accurately predict sea ice trends for the Southern Ocean as whole. A significant anomaly in sea ice extent that occurred in the austral spring of 2016-17 has confounded scientists, and highlights the limitations of current science and climate models to foresee the trend in sea ice in the Antarctic. Furthermore, we explore the potential implications for Antarctic ecosystems through a review of current literature. This emphasises the critical role of sea ice in the life history of a vast majority of Antarctic species, making them extremely vulnerable to changes in sea ice extent. Finally, we consider the implications for human activities in the Antarctic through a series of case studies. These identify the organisations and industries that will be affected by changes in sea ice, and who will rely on the development of accurate models and predictions to safely plan their future activities in the Antarctic.Item Open Access The Forgotten Islands: Monitoring Tourist Numbers and Managing Tourism Impacts on New Zealand’s Subantarctic Islands(2017) Stewart E; Espiner S; Liggett D; Taylor ZSituated to the south of New Zealand in the Southern Ocean are the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands, comprising the Auckland, Campbell, Antipodes, Snares and Bounty Islands. Sometimes referred to as the ‘Forgotten Islands’, these island groups are among the most remote and hostile within New Zealand waters. Yet, as they harbour some of the country’s most unique biodiversity and contain some of the world’s least modified landforms, they were recognized in 1998 with the designation of World Heritage Area status. It is not surprising therefore that the Islands have long appealed to visitors wishing to explore and understand the Islands’ rich natural and cultural environments. Typically, fare-paying tourists arrive by sea in small- to medium-sized expedition-style cruise vessels, although in recent years, the number of small vessels, such as yachts and sail boats, has increased. The most recent Conservation Management Strategy (2016) proposes developing and implementing a visitor monitoring programme to determine the effects of visitors on the natural and cultural environment, as well as on the visitor experience itself. However, there is only piecemeal data published on visitor numbers (especially since the mid-1990s) upon which to base visitor monitoring, and there is only limited evidence regarding the range of possible impacts visitors may have, including direct and indirect impact on wildlife, soils, and vegetation. In order to address this gap in knowledge, this case study draws on stakeholder interviews (n = 4), and a range of secondary sources (including visitor statistics from the Department of Conservation, tour operators and other published works) to provide an overview and update on visitation to the Islands, including site-specific data, an assessment of tourist impacts, and how impacts are currently monitored and managed.Item Open Access On the interpretation of ice-shelf flexure measurements(2017) Rosier, Sebastian H R; Marsh, Oliver J; Rack, Wolfgang; Gundmundsson, G Hilmar; Wild, Christian T; Ryan, MichelleTidal flexure in ice shelf grounding zones has been used extensively in the past to determine grounding line position and ice properties. Although the rheology of ice is viscoelastic at tidal loading frequencies, most modelling studies have assumed some form of linear elastic beam approximation to match observed flexure profiles. Here we use density, radar and DInSAR measurements in combination with full-Stokes viscoelastic modelling to investigate a range of additional controls on the flexure of the Southern McMurdo Ice Shelf. We find that inclusion of observed basal crevasses and density dependent ice stiffness can greatly alter the flexure profile and yet fitting a simple elastic beam model to that profile will still produce an excellent fit. Estimates of the effective Young’s modulus derived by fitting flexure profiles are shown to vary by over 200% depending on whether these factors are included, even when the local thickness is well constrained. Conversely, estimates of the grounding line position are relatively insensitive to these considerations for the case of a steep bed slope in our study region. By fitting tidal amplitudes only, and ignoring phase information, elastic beam theory can provide a good fit to observations in a wide variety of situations. This should, however, not be taken as an indication that the underlying rheological assumptions are correct.Item Open Access Emerging Fisheries – Threat or Opportunity?(1999) Gibson, Mark; McKay, David; Nicholls, Jill; Paton, MarkBetween the months of January and March, 1999, the Canterbury Univesity's inaugral course for the Certificate in Continuing Educatron, Antarctic Studies, engaged a research syndicate to investigate and report upon threats and opportunities related to emerging fisheries in the Southern Ocean. This report is the product of that study, and has been prepared in support of an oral presentation Of the syndicate's findings, at Canterbury university, on Friday 19 February, 1999. The purpose Of this report is to encourage discussion and evaluation of dominant perspectives which determine current fisheries management, towards a significant shift in understanding, values and human interactions with marine ecosyItem Open Access Antarctic Tourism – Where to Now?(1999) Downer, Kate; Reaney, Richard; Watson, Nigel; Wouters, MariskaThis paper examines the fixture of tourism in the Antarctic. It raises some fundamental policy issues and aims to challenge some preconceptions of tourism' s role and impact on the continent. The test it puts to governments is to 'lay their cards On the table' - to articulate clearly their policies on the future direction of Antarctic tourism. Parties to the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) and the governments Of the gateway states will continue in the foreseeable Short to medium tenn future to dictate the form and pace of Antarctic tourism. With this comes an obligation to fulfil their self appointed environmental stewardship role and not pursue tourist opportunities simply as a back door approach to strengthening their sovereignty claims, pursuing economic benefits or political agendas. This paper examines the fixture of tourism in the Antarctic. It raises some fundamental policy issues and aims to challenge some preconceptions of tourism' s role and impact on the continent. The test it puts to governments is to 'lay their cards On the table' - to articulate clearly their policies on the future direction of Antarctic tourism. Parties to the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) and the governments Of the gateway states will continue in the foreseeable Short to medium tenn future to dictate the form and pace of Antarctic tourism. With this comes an obligation to fulfil their self appointed environmental stewardship role and not pursue tourist opportunities simply as a back door approach to strengthening their sovereignty claims, pursuing economic benefits or political agendas.Item Open Access Human Artefacts in Antarctica – Treasure to be Conserved or Junk to be Removed?(1999) Cadenhead, Natalie; Johnston, Lindsay; Kestle, Linda; Webb, KerynThe question generating this report was perceived by the syndicate to be a limited question as it is couched in very black and white terms with no middle ground indicated. There was considerable debate concerning the definitions and assumptions and the emotive tone Of the question. Due to the possibility of the wide scope Of the question, the bulk Of the artefacts discussed will be those of the Ross Sea Region with reference to Other Antarctic where appropriate. Several definitions concerns were raised from research into the question. The following definitions will provide clarity. Artefacts are movable historic items Of all descriptions that are directly associated with an Antarctic expedition, and which were taken to Antarctica for consumption or use there, or were created by members of an expedition while in the Antarctic. 1 Conservation refers to the professional preservation techniques involved in maintaining an artefacts structural and contextual integrity. Conservation is about doing reversible 'repairs' to an Object and does not include restoration where new permanent materials may be adhered to the artefact, Conservation aims to minimize avoidable loss or decay Of an area, site, or associated artefact. Rubbish 2 refers to an item which . Is in such poor condition that it is not reasonably possible to conserve it 2. Has a limited life if left untreated Does not contribute in any significant way to Our understanding Of the human history of Antarctica 3. Does not contribute to the visual qualities Of the site or building of which it is a part 4. 5 Is not a unique or relatively rare item Junk refers to any item that is regarded as Of little value. Rubbish is junk. 3 Treasure refers to items that are valued for their uniqueness, rarity, associations, and emotional attachment, Relic refers to a part or a fragment of an object left after the rest has decayed. Any Object valued as a being a memorial or souvenir of the past, including corpses. The question generating this report was perceived by the syndicate to be a limited question as it is couched in very black and white terms with no middle ground indicated. There was considerable debate concerning the definitions and assumptions and the emotive tone Of the question. Due to the possibility of the wide scope Of the question, the bulk Of the artefacts discussed will be those of the Ross Sea Region with reference to Other Antarctic where appropriate. Several definitions concerns were raised from research into the question. The following definitions will provide clarity. Artefacts are movable historic items Of all descriptions that are directly associated with an Antarctic expedition, and which were taken to Antarctica for consumption or use there, or were created by members of an expedition while in the Antarctic. 1 Conservation refers to the professional preservation techniques involved in maintaining an artefacts structural and contextual integrity. Conservation is about doing reversible 'repairs' to an Object and does not include restoration where new permanent materials may be adhered to the artefact, Conservation aims to minimize avoidable loss or decay Of an area, site, or associated artefact. Rubbish 2 refers to an item which . Is in such poor condition that it is not reasonably possible to conserve it 2. Has a limited life if left untreated Does not contribute in any significant way to Our understanding Of the human history of Antarctica 3. Does not contribute to the visual qualities Of the site or building of which it is a part 4. 5 Is not a unique or relatively rare item Junk refers to any item that is regarded as Of little value. Rubbish is junk. 3 Treasure refers to items that are valued for their uniqueness, rarity, associations, and emotional attachment, Relic refers to a part or a fragment of an object left after the rest has decayed. Any Object valued as a being a memorial or souvenir of the past, including corpses.Item Open Access Antarctica – A Strategic Asset?(1999) Weinstein, Phil; Boniface, Nick; Bishop, Joanne; Noble, Nicola; Bichard, ValerieIt's 1999 and as we rapidly head towuds the new millennium the management of global issues require the pro-active participation of all members of the intemational community. Growing strains on the quality of water, soil and air, loss of biodiversity, depletion of fish stocks, current patterns of production consumption and global climate change, all raise questions about the continued capacity of the Earth's natural resource base to feed and sustain a growing and increasingly urbanised population. It's now clear also clear that not only environmental, but also social, cultural and political sustainability of development efforts are essential for security and well-being of people functioning in this complex, interdependent global system now emerging. Globalisation is marked clearly by the integration of trade; finance and information that is creating a single global market and culture. The rapid advancements in science and technology has also contributed enormously to the realisation of the global village. This process of globalisation is currently challenging the Antarctic Treaty System. With this, many questions are being raised as to whether the ATS is capable of weathering these changes to emerge as a significant contributor to a unified global identity. The vision for the future is a sustainable earth. The race is against time and Antarctica holds the key for the doorway into the next millennium. In this presentation you have an opportunity to reflect on the complex perception of value as we explore four assets that may contribute to the strategic value of Antarctica in the 21" century and beyond. These assets include: It's 1999 and as we rapidly head towuds the new millennium the management of global issues require the pro-active participation of all members of the intemational community. Growing strains on the quality of water, soil and air, loss of biodiversity, depletion of fish stocks, current patterns of production consumption and global climate change, all raise questions about the continued capacity of the Earth's natural resource base to feed and sustain a growing and increasingly urbanised population. It's now clear also clear that not only environmental, but also social, cultural and political sustainability of development efforts are essential for security and well-being of people functioning in this complex, interdependent global system now emerging. Globalisation is marked clearly by the integration of trade; finance and information that is creating a single global market and culture. The rapid advancements in science and technology has also contributed enormously to the realisation of the global village. This process of globalisation is currently challenging the Antarctic Treaty System. With this, many questions are being raised as to whether the ATS is capable of weathering these changes to emerge as a significant contributor to a unified global identity. The vision for the future is a sustainable earth. The race is against time and Antarctica holds the key for the doorway into the next millennium. In this presentation you have an opportunity to reflect on the complex perception of value as we explore four assets that may contribute to the strategic value of Antarctica in the 21" century and beyond. These assets include:Item Open Access Antarctica: Does it differentiate bewtween the Tourist and the Scientist?(2000) Carran, Paul; Chaplow, Lester; Hodder, Sarah; Stafford, Clair; Yusoff, KathrynTo explore the question we must first expltme the terms used to m)Se the question - Antarctica, differentiate, scientist, and tourist. WIIat do these terms represent and how should they interpreted in the context of the question? Taken literally, the becomes rmsense, but with "mne a meaningful and revealing question can derived. The term 'differentiate' is fundamental to the question. To differentiate is to detect. or draw make distinctions, based unlikeness. Taking this a step further we could introduce discrimination, that is setting up exceptional treatment against. in favour of, a distinct (A'ject. Thus it is seen that differentiation is a cognitive prcxess followed by action. nis must reflected in the interpretaticm Of the term 'Antarctica'. Antarcüca is a continent; a landmass largely covered by ice, unique in the absence of an indigenous human mulaticN1. It is host to a diverse still not well understc»d, and is now recognised as a fundamen yet sensitive, in climate Systems. It has no voice, no elf-determinaticm, and no ajgnitive fixnction. It is passive, yet iG reactim to external influences be of global propa-tions. To personify a landmass we traditionally use the To explore the question we must first expltme the terms used to m)Se the question - Antarctica, differentiate, scientist, and tourist. WIIat do these terms represent and how should they interpreted in the context of the question? Taken literally, the becomes rmsense, but with "mne a meaningful and revealing question can derived. The term 'differentiate' is fundamental to the question. To differentiate is to detect. or draw make distinctions, based unlikeness. Taking this a step further we could introduce discrimination, that is setting up exceptional treatment against. in favour of, a distinct (A'ject. Thus it is seen that differentiation is a cognitive prcxess followed by action. nis must reflected in the interpretaticm Of the term 'Antarctica'. Antarcüca is a continent; a landmass largely covered by ice, unique in the absence of an indigenous human mulaticN1. It is host to a diverse still not well understc»d, and is now recognised as a fundamen yet sensitive, in climate Systems. It has no voice, no elf-determinaticm, and no ajgnitive fixnction. It is passive, yet iG reactim to external influences be of global propa-tions. To personify a landmass we traditionally use theItem Open Access Antarctica: Phantom of the Past or Canary in the Cage?(2000) Pearn, Tim; Gill-Fox, Deborah; Gemmell, Michael; Hoar, Jenifer"A bridge to our future and a window on our past." This was a phrase used by President Clinton to describe Antarctica when he spoke at the International Antarctic Centre recently. It sums up the view that, in essence, Antarctica holds a key to our greater understanding of the Earth's dynamics, and that the past and the future of the continent, and the earth, are intrinsically linked. The "Phantom of the past" and the 'Canary in the cage" are thus both useful metaphors for describing the significance of Antarctica in the global context. Phantom Of the past: The "Phantom of the Past" metaphor refers to Antarctica as a library of information about the evolution Of our planet. The 'books' are covered in dust and we have only read a few pages of the numerous volumes, but they contain a wealth of information, most of which we have yet to fully comprehend. For example, the phantom presents us with information gathered from such research as the Cape Roberts project and deep ice core drilling, which reveal past climatic events from which to gauge current and possible future trends. According to Tim Naish, of the Imstitute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences: "We have moved from a phase of scientific exploration to one of realisation that much of what we are learning about Antarctica and the Southern Ocean has major implications for understanding the past and future of our planet" (Naish, 1999). "A bridge to our future and a window on our past." This was a phrase used by President Clinton to describe Antarctica when he spoke at the International Antarctic Centre recently. It sums up the view that, in essence, Antarctica holds a key to our greater understanding of the Earth's dynamics, and that the past and the future of the continent, and the earth, are intrinsically linked. The "Phantom of the past" and the 'Canary in the cage" are thus both useful metaphors for describing the significance of Antarctica in the global context. Phantom Of the past: The "Phantom of the Past" metaphor refers to Antarctica as a library of information about the evolution Of our planet. The 'books' are covered in dust and we have only read a few pages of the numerous volumes, but they contain a wealth of information, most of which we have yet to fully comprehend. For example, the phantom presents us with information gathered from such research as the Cape Roberts project and deep ice core drilling, which reveal past climatic events from which to gauge current and possible future trends. According to Tim Naish, of the Imstitute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences: "We have moved from a phase of scientific exploration to one of realisation that much of what we are learning about Antarctica and the Southern Ocean has major implications for understanding the past and future of our planet" (Naish, 1999).Item Open Access Humans and Antarctica: A Model for the World?(2000) Falconer, Tamsin; Foster, Tui; Mackereth, GrahamHumans and Antarctica: A model for the world? In what ways has the relationship between humans and Antarctica been exemplary. Should the example be copied? This report examines the key features Of the relationships between humans and Antarctica over time, and their distinctiveness. The report firstly outlines our approach to the topic and then gives some background information on the Antarctic Treaty. The Antarctic Treaty is outlined in some detail as it provides the backdrop for most Of the key relationships happening in Antarctica at present. This is followed by a description and analysis Of the key relationships between humans and Antarctica, both within the Treaty system, and without. The report concludes with a view Of Antarctica as a place Of inspiration, which the authors believe to be the key distinctive Of Antarctic-human relationships. For the purposes Of this report 'Antarctica' follows the Antarctic Treaty definition of 'the sea, land, and ice south of 600 South'. The Sub-antarctic islands have largely been excluded as they are generally not included in Antarctic governance. 'Humans' are considered in terms Of alliances Of states, states, commercial organisations, non-government organisations, the individual and the global public; the various combinations that humans create amongst themselves. 'Model' is considered to be an 'exarnple or demonstration applicable to other circumstances'. 'The rest Of the world' is considered as people, lands, and political systems outside Antarctica or the current system Of governance. The key relationships between humans and Antarctica are analysed under several headings; sovereignty, science; peace; heritage; exploitation; environmentalism; exclusivity, credibility and inspiration. Antarctica seems to play an active role, rather than a passive inanimate role, in these relationships. It is a unique place that provides enlightenment and inspiration for individuals and the world. Humans and Antarctica: A model for the world? In what ways has the relationship between humans and Antarctica been exemplary. Should the example be copied? This report examines the key features Of the relationships between humans and Antarctica over time, and their distinctiveness. The report firstly outlines our approach to the topic and then gives some background information on the Antarctic Treaty. The Antarctic Treaty is outlined in some detail as it provides the backdrop for most Of the key relationships happening in Antarctica at present. This is followed by a description and analysis Of the key relationships between humans and Antarctica, both within the Treaty system, and without. The report concludes with a view Of Antarctica as a place Of inspiration, which the authors believe to be the key distinctive Of Antarctic-human relationships. For the purposes Of this report 'Antarctica' follows the Antarctic Treaty definition of 'the sea, land, and ice south of 600 South'. The Sub-antarctic islands have largely been excluded as they are generally not included in Antarctic governance. 'Humans' are considered in terms Of alliances Of states, states, commercial organisations, non-government organisations, the individual and the global public; the various combinations that humans create amongst themselves. 'Model' is considered to be an 'exarnple or demonstration applicable to other circumstances'. 'The rest Of the world' is considered as people, lands, and political systems outside Antarctica or the current system Of governance. The key relationships between humans and Antarctica are analysed under several headings; sovereignty, science; peace; heritage; exploitation; environmentalism; exclusivity, credibility and inspiration. Antarctica seems to play an active role, rather than a passive inanimate role, in these relationships. It is a unique place that provides enlightenment and inspiration for individuals and the world.Item Open Access Valuing Antarctic: Why, How and With What Result?(2001) Creek, Alan; Elliott, Tui; Littlewood, Chandra; Pearce-Haines, Megan; Pilkington, StephenIn society today, economic valuation is often assumed to be the only possible way of assigning value to things as it is the principal method used by most government and corporate policy makers. It is because Of this that natural resources are Often undervalued (Primack, 1998). However, other valuing systems exist for different environments and environmental attributes, so there is no reason why valuing Antarctica should be limited in this way. The aim of this report is to suggest that there are more ways to assign value to things than economic, and that recognising this may lead to very different decisions concerning the future of Antarctica. Any valuing approaches used must be comparable to each other, or relative to a recognised standard. Antarctica offers this opportunity as it has not only economic value but also recreational, scientific, aesthetic, intrinsic, historical, educational, strategic and many more. This report focuses on the first five valuing perspectives listed above as they reflect the spectrum of values currently existing in the different societies and belief systems of the world and are most relevant to Antarctica. Each of these perspectives requires consideration of the stakeholders involved, be it governments investing money into treaty-state programmes, scientists, environmental groups or inhabitants Of the continent itself such as plants and animals. These stakeholders demonstrate the variety of interest in the valuing of Antarctica. This report discusses the valuing Of Antarctica from each perspective, how and why the valuing may occur, applicable metrics and possible outcomes, both present and In society today, economic valuation is often assumed to be the only possible way of assigning value to things as it is the principal method used by most government and corporate policy makers. It is because Of this that natural resources are Often undervalued (Primack, 1998). However, other valuing systems exist for different environments and environmental attributes, so there is no reason why valuing Antarctica should be limited in this way. The aim of this report is to suggest that there are more ways to assign value to things than economic, and that recognising this may lead to very different decisions concerning the future of Antarctica. Any valuing approaches used must be comparable to each other, or relative to a recognised standard. Antarctica offers this opportunity as it has not only economic value but also recreational, scientific, aesthetic, intrinsic, historical, educational, strategic and many more. This report focuses on the first five valuing perspectives listed above as they reflect the spectrum of values currently existing in the different societies and belief systems of the world and are most relevant to Antarctica. Each of these perspectives requires consideration of the stakeholders involved, be it governments investing money into treaty-state programmes, scientists, environmental groups or inhabitants Of the continent itself such as plants and animals. These stakeholders demonstrate the variety of interest in the valuing of Antarctica. This report discusses the valuing Of Antarctica from each perspective, how and why the valuing may occur, applicable metrics and possible outcomes, both present andItem Open Access Documenting the State of the Antarctic Environment(2001) Andres, Ingrid; Hampson, Ellen; Tammik, Sarah; Elliott, Christine; Revfem, CalumThis report discusses the question "Documenting the State Of the Antarctic Environment: Why, How and what can we learn and do?" This included future implications. Documenting the state Of Antarctica's environment would record the knowledge about environmental impacts needed to effectively manage activities in the future. The question of why do a state Of the environment report was considered at global, continent-wide and regional scales and it was concluded that a regional approach, whilst offering additional information, did not address sovereignty issues. The logistical development of a State of the Environment reporting system was also highlighted. Several models were considered, as were State Of the Environment Reports from several countries. The Pressure-State-Response model was chosen because it gives the best overall likelihood of monitoring pressure areas. The lessons to be leamt from State of the Environment reporting include those involved in the actual process of documenting the state of the environment; enhanced knowledge about the Antarctic environment; the identification of any gaps in that knowledge, and actions required to fill those gaps. The adequacy Of response strategies can also be monitored. State of the Environment reporting can also contribute to the discussion concerning the effect Of cumulative impacts. Future issues, such as tourism, were considered, and the role environmental reporting might play in managing these impacts were discussed before recommendations were made. This report discusses the question "Documenting the State Of the Antarctic Environment: Why, How and what can we learn and do?" This included future implications. Documenting the state Of Antarctica's environment would record the knowledge about environmental impacts needed to effectively manage activities in the future. The question of why do a state Of the environment report was considered at global, continent-wide and regional scales and it was concluded that a regional approach, whilst offering additional information, did not address sovereignty issues. The logistical development of a State of the Environment reporting system was also highlighted. Several models were considered, as were State Of the Environment Reports from several countries. The Pressure-State-Response model was chosen because it gives the best overall likelihood of monitoring pressure areas. The lessons to be leamt from State of the Environment reporting include those involved in the actual process of documenting the state of the environment; enhanced knowledge about the Antarctic environment; the identification of any gaps in that knowledge, and actions required to fill those gaps. The adequacy Of response strategies can also be monitored. State of the Environment reporting can also contribute to the discussion concerning the effect Of cumulative impacts. Future issues, such as tourism, were considered, and the role environmental reporting might play in managing these impacts were discussed before recommendations were made.Item Open Access From Vostok to Vostok: Antarctic Discoveries(2001) Bartholomew, Mathew; Chappell, Michael; Hay, AJ; Seale, Joyce; Walsh, PennySimple words which are found carved into the cross atop Observation Hill on Hut Point, Ross Island, to commemorate the final 1910 - 1913 Antarctic party of Scott, who all perished On their return journey from the South Pole. The last part of this inscription encompasses the final fatal moments of Scott's expedition, whilst if one was to succinctly define discovery, the first three components of this inscription would form a solid foundation from which to begin. Discovery is a concept that has been the driving force behind the relationship between humans and Antarctica for over 200 years- Sailing south in search of Terra Incognita Australis was followed by the race to reach the South Pole, whilst scientific study which discovered the Ozone hole is now searching for ancient life beneath the ice. The events that have shaped and formed the fascinating story that is Antarctica can all be attributed to this idea of discovery. Examining the relationship between the Antarctic and 'discovery' poses a number of interestmg and important questions. Investigating the history of Antarctic discovery allows the opportunity to gain knowledge and draw lessons to guide the future interaction between and discovery. 'IS success crucial, so long as the effort honourable, and any failure memorable?' is a question which encapsulates many aspects of the analysis of Antarctic discovery, and it is the question that provides the foundation of this paper. Simple words which are found carved into the cross atop Observation Hill on Hut Point, Ross Island, to commemorate the final 1910 - 1913 Antarctic party of Scott, who all perished On their return journey from the South Pole. The last part of this inscription encompasses the final fatal moments of Scott's expedition, whilst if one was to succinctly define discovery, the first three components of this inscription would form a solid foundation from which to begin. Discovery is a concept that has been the driving force behind the relationship between humans and Antarctica for over 200 years- Sailing south in search of Terra Incognita Australis was followed by the race to reach the South Pole, whilst scientific study which discovered the Ozone hole is now searching for ancient life beneath the ice. The events that have shaped and formed the fascinating story that is Antarctica can all be attributed to this idea of discovery. Examining the relationship between the Antarctic and 'discovery' poses a number of interestmg and important questions. Investigating the history of Antarctic discovery allows the opportunity to gain knowledge and draw lessons to guide the future interaction between and discovery. 'IS success crucial, so long as the effort honourable, and any failure memorable?' is a question which encapsulates many aspects of the analysis of Antarctic discovery, and it is the question that provides the foundation of this paper.Item Open Access The Elimination of IUU Fishing in the Southern Ocean(2002) Lowe, Sarah; Pope, Belinda; Poirot, Ceisha; Green, Vanessa; Henderson, ScottAt the start of the new millennium, fisheries statistics reported that around 70 % of the world's fisheries were severely overexploited (Crothers, 1998). After centuries Of fishing in local coastal waters, an eventual reduction in fish stocks forced nations such as Britain, Iceland, Norway, Spain and France to seek new fishing grounds. The advancement of navigation and materials technology, allowed fishing fleets to explore further and further afield, and the rich cod grounds of North America's Grand Banks and Newfoundland were discovered. As the magnitude of the fishing industry increased, whole populations of fish species were wiped out, and fishlng fleets were forced to move into other unexplored areas. Target fish species successively became "economically extinct", and in due course it became financially worthwhile to open up areas such as the Southern Ocean, that had previously been considered too remote, and too inhospitable. As in the Northern Hemisphere, the 'Gold Rush" mentality prevailed in the South, and overexploitation was the inevitable result It is unknown where this overexploitation of fish stocks will lead us. History has shown that Overexploitation of other marine species in the Southern Ocean has lead to dramatic crashes within their populations. Some people believe that the Southern Ocean ecosystem and its complex interlinking strands will be progressively fatigued, until there is no remaining resilience. At the start of the new millennium, fisheries statistics reported that around 70 % of the world's fisheries were severely overexploited (Crothers, 1998). After centuries Of fishing in local coastal waters, an eventual reduction in fish stocks forced nations such as Britain, Iceland, Norway, Spain and France to seek new fishing grounds. The advancement of navigation and materials technology, allowed fishing fleets to explore further and further afield, and the rich cod grounds of North America's Grand Banks and Newfoundland were discovered. As the magnitude of the fishing industry increased, whole populations of fish species were wiped out, and fishlng fleets were forced to move into other unexplored areas. Target fish species successively became "economically extinct", and in due course it became financially worthwhile to open up areas such as the Southern Ocean, that had previously been considered too remote, and too inhospitable. As in the Northern Hemisphere, the 'Gold Rush" mentality prevailed in the South, and overexploitation was the inevitable result It is unknown where this overexploitation of fish stocks will lead us. History has shown that Overexploitation of other marine species in the Southern Ocean has lead to dramatic crashes within their populations. Some people believe that the Southern Ocean ecosystem and its complex interlinking strands will be progressively fatigued, until there is no remaining resilience.