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Item Open Access Change the humans first: Principles for improving the management of free-roaming cats(MDPI AG, 2019) McLeod , Lynette J.; Hine, Donald; Driver , Aaron B.In Australia, free-roaming cats can be found in urban and rural areas across the country. They are inherently difficult to manage but it is frequently human behaviour that demands the most attention and is in most need of change. To the frustration of policy makers and practitioners, scientific knowledge, technological developments, and legal and institutional innovations, often run afoul of insufficient public capacity, opportunity and motivation to act. This paper demonstrates how the behavioural science literature can provide important insights into maximising the impact of free-roaming cat control activities within an ethical framework that prioritises acting “with” all stakeholders, rather than “on” stakeholders. By better understanding how human values, attitudes and beliefs are shaped, practitioners can more effectively and respectfully interact with how people interpret the world around them, make choices and behave. This literature also has much to say about why certain types of media and marketing messages elicit behaviour change and why other types fall flat. Finally, in addition to explaining the behavioural science and its implications, this review provides researchers, policy makers and engagement specialists with an inclusive, practical framework for conceptualising behaviour change and working to ensure land managers, cat owners and the general public can agree on and adopt best practices for managing free-roaming cats.Item Open Access How personal values shape job seeker preference: A policy capturing study(Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2021) Hicklenton , Carol L.; Hine, Donald; Driver , Aaron B.; Loi , Natasha M.; Barreda-Tarrazona IDoes the "ideal"organization exist? Or do different workplace attributes attract different people? And if so, what attributes attract what types of employees? This study combines person- organization fit theory and a policy capturing methodology to determine (a) which attributes are the strongest predictors of perceived organization attractiveness in a sample of Australian job seekers, and (b) whether the magnitude of these predictive effects varies as a function of job seekers' personal values. The design of this study is a randomized experiment of Australian job seekers who responded to an online survey invitation. Each of the 400 respondents received a random subset of 8 of 64 possible descriptions of organizations. Each description presented an organization that scored either high or low on six attributes based on the Employer Attractiveness Scale: Economic, development, interest, social, application, and environmental value. Multi-level modelling revealed that all six attributes positively predicted job seekers' ratings of organization attractiveness, with the three strongest predictors being social, environmental, and application value. Moderation analyses revealed that participants with strong self-transcendent or weak self-enhancement values were most sensitive to the absence of social, environmental, and application value in workplaces, down-rating organizations that scored low on these attributes. Our results demonstrate how job seekers' personal values shape preferences for different types of workplaces. Organizations may be able to improve recruitment outcomes by matching working conditions to the personal values of workers they hope to employ.Item Open Access Aerosol and Dimethyl Sulfide Sensitivity to Sulfate Chemistry Schemes(American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2024) Bhatti YA; Revell, Laura; McDonald, Adrian; Archibald AT; Schuddeboom AJ; Williams J; Hardacre C; Mulcahy J; Lin DDimethyl sulfide (DMS) is the largest source of natural sulfur in the atmosphere and undergoes oxidation reactions resulting in gas‐to‐particle conversion to form sulfate aerosol. Climate models typically use independent chemical schemes to simulate these processes, however, the sensitivity of sulfate aerosol to the schemes used by CMIP6 models has not been evaluated. Current climate models offer oversimplified DMS oxidation pathways, adding to the ambiguity surrounding the global sulfur burden. Here, we implemented seven DMS and sulfate chemistry schemes, six of which are from CMIP6 models, in an atmosphere‐only Earth system model. A large spread in aerosol optical depth (AOD) is simulated (0.077), almost twice the magnitude of the pre‐industrial to present‐day increase in AOD. Differences are largely driven by the inclusion of the nighttime DMS oxidation reaction with NO3, and in the number of aqueous phase sulfate reactions. Our analysis identifies the importance of DMS‐sulfate chemistry for simulating aerosols. We suggest that optimizing DMS/sulfur chemistry schemes is crucial for the accurate simulation of sulfate aerosols.Item Open Access Enantioselective synthesis of hydantoins by chiral acid-catalysed condensation of glyoxals and ureas(Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), 2023) Aryal, Sushant; Hone CA; Polson, Matthew; Foley, DanielHydantoins are important scaffolds in natural products and pharmaceuticals, with only a few synthetic strategies available for their asymmetric preparation. We herein describe a single-step enantioselective synthesis of 5-monosubstituted hydantoins via condensation of glyoxals and ureas in the presence of a chiral phosphoric acid at room temperature. Products were formed in up to 99% yield and 98 : 2 e.r. Using mechanistic and kinetic studies, including time course 1H NMR monitoring, we revealed that the reaction likely proceeds via face-selective protonation of an enol-type intermediate.Item Open Access Ground-based measurements of the weatherdriven sky radiance distribution in the Southern Hemisphere(Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2023) Cordero RR; Feron S; Sepúlveda E; Damiani A; Jorquera J; Rowe PM; Carrasco J; Rayas JA; Llanillo P; MacDonell, Shelley; Seckmeyer G; Dunea DThe angular distribution of the sky radiance determines the energy generation of solar power technologies as well as the ultraviolet (UV) doses delivered to the biosphere. The sky-diffuse radiance distribution depends on the wavelength, the solar elevation, and the atmospheric conditions. Here, we report on ground-based measurements of the all-sky radiance at three sites in the Southern Hemisphere across a transect of about 5,000 km: Santiago (33°S, a mid-latitude city of 6 million inhabitants with endemic poor air quality), King George Island (62°S, at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, one of the cloudiest regions on Earth), and Union Glacier (79°S, a snow-covered glacier in the vast interior of Western Antarctica). The sites were strategically selected for studying the influence of urban aerosols, frequent and thick clouds, and extremely high albedo on the sky-diffuse radiance distribution. Our results show that, due to changing site-specific atmospheric conditions, the characterization of the weather-driven sky radiance distribution may require ground-based measurements.Item Open Access The effect of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol and methamphetamine on sustained attention in the jumping spider (Trite planiceps).(American Psychological Association (APA), 2024) Humphrey , Bonnie; Glass , Michelle; Hill , Jonathan; Osborne , Amy J.; Stouffer , Daniel B.; Noble , Alexandra; Helton , William S.; Chen , Shuli; Nelson, XimenaDecreasing responsiveness to repeated visual stimuli (i.e., the inability to sustain attention) in jumping spiders (Salticidae) parallels that found in humans. In humans, drugs affect vigilance, and previous work on salticids has shown that the “vigilance decrement” is unlikely to be sensory habituation and that caffeine ameliorates reductions in attention. We exposed Trite planiceps to delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and methamphetamine before presenting them with a repeated visual stimulus. In the THC experiment, spiders were given a THC solution, water, or a vehicle solution, using a within-subjects design. The orienting response (i.e., “interest”) of salticids on a track ball to face a fly stimulus presented peripherally on a monitor was scored, as well as “general movement” (e.g., walking, as a control for physical fatigue) and “no movement.” The methamphetamine experiment was identical except that salticids were given methamphetamine solution or water. In both the THC and methamphetamine treatments, general movement dropped over time, while in control treatments, this was constant. Additionally, due to an initial stimulating effect of methamphetamine on interest, the response decrement was significantly steeper when spiders were administered methamphetamine compared with water. Our results suggest that the modulation of sustained attention, and possibly motivation, is likely in salticids. basic local alignment search tool genome queries on a closely related species and pharmacological radioligand experiments suggested that salticids do not possess cannabinoid receptors, but the presence of transient receptor potential proteins may help explain the small behav ioral changes observed with THC. In contrast, how methamphetamine affects salticids remains unknownItem Open Access South America is becoming warmer, drier, and more flammable(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024) Feron , Sarah; Cordero , Raúl R.; Damiani , Alessandro; MacDonell, Shelley; Pizarro , Jaime; Goubanova , Katerina; Valenzuela , Raúl; Wang , Chenghao; Rester , Lena; Beaulieu , AnneSouth America is experiencing severe impacts from climate change. Although the warming of the subcontinent closely follows the global path, the rise of temperatures has been more pronounced in some regions, which have also seen a parallel increment in the occurrence of droughts and weather conditions associated with enhanced fire risk. Here, we use reanalysis datasets to analyze the progression of the concurring warm, dry, and high fire risk conditions (i.e., dry compounds) since 1971. We show that the frequency of these compound extremes has surged in key South American regions including the northern Amazon, which have seen a 3-fold increase in the number of days per year with extreme fire weather conditions (including high temperatures, dryness, and low humidity). Our results also suggest that the surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean modulates the interannual variability of dry compounds in South America. While El Niño enhances the fire risk in the northern Amazon, dry extremes in the Gran Chaco region appear to be more responsive to La Niña.Item Open Access Effects of bilingualism on syntactic processing(2022) SIU, Tik Sze Carrey; Ho , S. -H. C.This research aimed to provide a more nuanced understanding of how bilingualism may impact syntactic processing, that is, the processes that humans use as they understand grammar as it unfolds in real time. Chinese-English bilinguals and English monolinguals within three age groups were compared on three syntactic abilities. The findings suggest a facilitative effect of having learned a L2 on syntactic processing. This benefit was influenced by cross-language differences in syntactic features, age, and the amount of bilingual experience.Item Open Access Regression-based gap-filling methods show air temperature reductions and wind pattern changes during the 2019 total eclipse in Chile(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2022) Hammann , Arno C.; MacDonell, ShelleySingular disruptive events like solar eclipses affect the measured values of meteorological variables at the earth’s surface. To quantify such an impact, it is necessary to estimate what value the parameter would have taken had the event not occurred. We design and compare several methods to perform such an estimate based on longer observational timeseries from individual meteorological surface stations. Our methods are based on regularised regressions (including a Bayesian variant) and provide both a point an associated error estimate of the disruptive event’s impact. With their help, we study the effect of the total solar eclipse of July 2nd, 2019, in the Coquimbo Region of Chile, on near-surface air temperatures and winds. The observational data used have been collected by the meteorological surface station network of the Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA). Most stations inside the eclipse’s umbra registered a temperature drop of 1–2 ∘C, while the most extreme estimated temperature drop surpassed 6 ∘C. The presence of an ‘eclipse cyclone’ can neither be proven nor refuted. Application of the regression methods to other comparable problems like volcanic eruptions, forest fires, or simply gap filling of observational data, are conceivable.Item Open Access Understanding Coherent Turbulence and the Roll‐Cell Transition With Lagrangian Coherent Structures and Frame‐Indifferent Fluxes(American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2024) Aksamit , Nikolas; Katurji, Marwan; Zhang , JiaweiAbstractWe present the first analysis of frame‐indifferent (objective) fluxes and material vortices in Large Eddy Simulations of atmospheric boundary layer turbulence. We extract rotating fluid features that maintain structural coherence over time for near‐neutral, transitional, and convective boundary layers. In contrast to traditional analysis of coherent structures in turbulent boundary layers, we provide the first identification of vortex boundaries that are mathematically defined to behave as tracer transport barriers. Furthermore, these vortices are indifferent to the choice of observer reference frame and can be identified without user‐dependent velocity field decompositions. We find a strong agreement between the geometric qualities of the coherent structures we extract using our new method and classical descriptions of horizontal rolls and convective cells arising from decades of observational studies. We also quantify trends in individual vortex contributions to turbulent and advective fluxes of heat under varying atmospheric stability. Using recently developed tools from the theory of transport barrier fields, we compare diffusive momentum and heat barrier fields with the presence of rolls and cells, and determine a strong connection between heat and momentum orthogonality with the physical drivers of roll‐cell transformation. This newly employed frame‐indifferent characterization of coherent turbulent structures can be directly applied to numerical model output, and thus provides a new Lagrangian approach to understand complex scale‐dependent processes and their associated dynamics.Item Open Access Spectroscopy and crystal-field analysis of low-symmetry Er3+ centres in K2YF5 microparticles(Elsevier BV, 2024) Solanki , Pratik S.; Reid, Michael; Wells, Jon-Paul R.K2YF5 crystals doped with lanthanide ions have a variety of possible optical applications. Owing to the low symmetry of the system, the crystal structure cannot be unambiguously determined by x-ray diffraction. However, electron paramagnetic resonance studies have demonstrated that lanthanide ions sub stitute for yttrium in sites of Cs local symmetry. In this work, we use high resolution absorption and laser spectroscopy to determine electronic energy levels for Er3+ ions in K2YF5 microparticles. A total of 39 crystal-field energy levels, distributed among 7 multiplets of the Er3+ ion, have been assigned. This optical data is used for crystal-field modelling of the electronic structure of Er3+ in K2YF5 . Our model is fitted not only to the electronic energy levels, but also to the ground-state g-tensor. This magnetic-splitting data defines the axis system of the calculation, avoiding ambiguities associated with low-symmetry crystal-field fits.Item Open Access Spectroscopy, crystal-field, and transition intensity analyses of the C3v(O2−) Centre in Er3+ Doped CaF2 Crystals(Elsevier BV, 2024) Moull , M. D.; Martin , J. B. L.; Newman, T. G. M.; Jeffery , A. L.; Bartholomew , J. G.; Wells , J. -P. R.; Reid, MichaelErbium ions in crystals show considerable promise for the technologies that will form the backbone of future networked quantum information technology. Despite advances in leveraging erbium’s fibre-compatible infrared transition for classical and quantum applications, the transitions are, in general, not well understood. We present detailed absorption and laser site-selective spectroscopy of the C3v(O2−) centre in CaF2 :Er3+ as an interesting erbium site case study. The 4 I15∕2Z1 → 4 I13∕2Y1 transition has a low-temperature inhomogeneous linewidth of 1 GHz with hyperfine structure observable from the 167Er isotope. A parametrized crystal-field Hamiltonian is fitted to 34 energy levels and the two ground state magnetic splitting factors. The wavefunctions are used to perform a transition intensity analysis and electric-dipole parameters are fitted to absorption oscillator strengths. Simulated spectra for the 4 I11∕2 → 4 I15∕2 and 4 I13∕2 → 4 I15∕2 inter-multiplet transitions are in excellent agreement with the experimentally measured spectra. The 4 I13∕2 excited state lifetime is 25.0 ms and the intensity calculation is in excellent agreement with this value.Item Open Access Shame and guilt in men exposed to childhood sexual abuse: a qualitative investigation(ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2012) Dorahy, Martin; Clearwater, KThis study examined the experiences of shame and guilt in adult males sexually abused as children. Seven participants attending a service for male sexual abuse completed measures of shame, guilt, dissociation, and childhood trauma history and subsequently participated in a focus group. All participants experienced childhood sexual abuse in the severe range and showed elevated scores for shame, guilt, and dissociation. Four superordinate themes with associated subordinate themes emerged: (a) self-as-shame (foundations of self-as-shame, fear of exposure, temporary antidote: connection), (b) pervasiveness and power of doubt and denial (from others, from self, consequences of incredulity), (c) uncontrollability (of problems after disclosure, of rage, of intrusions and emotional pain), and (d) dissociation. Results are discussed with reference to the existing literature and the emerging self-as-shame construct, which appeared to encapsulate participants view of themselves. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.Item Open Access Stochastic modelling of intersectional pay gaps in universities.(The Royal Society, 2023) Barrett-Walker, T; Buelow, Franca; Te Atu O Tu MacDonald, L; Brower, Ann; James, AlexThe gender and ethnicity pay gaps are well publicised for academics. The majority of research relies on observations representing a point in time or uses models to consider a standard academic lifespan. We use a stochastic mathematical model to ask what drives differences in lifetime earnings of university academics and highlight a new question: how best should we quantify a working lifetime? The model observes and accounts for patterns in age when entering and leaving the workforce, and differing salary trajectories during an academic career. It is parameterized with data from a national dataset in Aotearoa New Zealand. We compare the total lifetime earnings of different gender and ethnicity groups with and without accounting for the different lengths of time spent in academia. The lifetime earnings gaps are considerably larger when we account for different hiring and leaving ages. We find that overall, for every ethnicity, women have shorter careers and are more likely to leave academia. All minority ethnic groups-and women-earn considerably less than their male white, European colleagues.Item Open Access The current state of ototoxicity monitoring in New Zealand(2014) Steffens, L; Venter K, Kinau; O'Beirne, Greg; Kelly-Campbell, R; Gibbs, D; Bird, PhilipAim: To explore medical oncologists’ and audiologists’ knowledge and attitudes regarding ototoxicity monitoring, and to gain an understanding of monitoring currently being implemented at District Health Boards (DHBs) nationwide. We also aimed to identify ways in which audiological outcomes for patients receiving potentially ototoxic treatments could be improved, including examining whether the formulation and implementation of a national ototoxicity monitoring guideline is necessary. Method: Complementary telephonic interviews were conducted with 16 senior or charge audiologists and seven senior medical oncologists from DHBs across New Zealand, and their responses analysed. Results: Responses indicate a comprehensive understanding of ototoxicity across both disciplines; however there is limited familiarity with ototoxicity monitoring protocols. Patients across New Zealand undergo significantly variable ototoxicity monitoring; local practices range from no routine monitoring to audiological assessment prior to each cycle of chemotherapy. No routine audiological follow up is conducted post completion of treatment at any DHB, in contrast with international guidelines. Twenty-two of 23 participants were in favour of development of a national ototoxicity monitoring guideline. Conclusion: There is significant discrepancy in how ototoxicity monitoring is conducted across New Zealand, and implementation of a national ototoxicity monitoring protocol may improve audiological outcomes for patients receiving ototoxic chemotherapy.Aim: To explore medical oncologists’ and audiologists’ knowledge and attitudes regarding ototoxicity monitoring, and to gain an understanding of monitoring currently being implemented at District Health Boards (DHBs) nationwide. We also aimed to identify ways in which audiological outcomes for patients receiving potentially ototoxic treatments could be improved, including examining whether the formulation and implementation of a national ototoxicity monitoring guideline is necessary. Method: Complementary telephonic interviews were conducted with 16 senior or charge audiologists and seven senior medical oncologists from DHBs across New Zealand, and their responses analysed. Results: Responses indicate a comprehensive understanding of ototoxicity across both disciplines; however there is limited familiarity with ototoxicity monitoring protocols. Patients across New Zealand undergo significantly variable ototoxicity monitoring; local practices range from no routine monitoring to audiological assessment prior to each cycle of chemotherapy. No routine audiological follow up is conducted post completion of treatment at any DHB, in contrast with international guidelines. Twenty-two of 23 participants were in favour of development of a national ototoxicity monitoring guideline. Conclusion: There is significant discrepancy in how ototoxicity monitoring is conducted across New Zealand, and implementation of a national ototoxicity monitoring protocol may improve audiological outcomes for patients receiving ototoxic chemotherapy.Item Open Access Origins and pawns scales: a pilot study assessing perception of control in adults with hearing problems(2013) Allan, L; Kelly-Campbell, RJPurpose: The main purpose of this pilot study was to determine if a content analysis of locus of control (Origins and Pawns Scales) can be used reliably with a population of older adults with hearing impairment. A second purpose of this pilot study was to determine the relationship between locus of control using this content analysis and audiologic variables such as hearing aid adoption and self-perceived hearing handicap. Finally, the third purpose of this pilot study was to determine if there were any differences between older men’s and women’s perception of locus of control as measured by this content analysis. Methods: A total of 30 adults with hearing impairment between the ages of 52 and 71 years participated in this study. Information regarding hearing ability, participant demographics, hearing aid adoption, and self-perceived hearing handicap were obtained. To obtain data for the content analysis, participants were required to respond to a single prompting question, which was transcribed verbatim and coded according to the refined Origins and Pawns scoring guidelines. Results: The content analysis of locus of control (Origins and Pawns Scales) had high internal consistency and intra-class correlations. Additionally, participants who adopted hearing aids had significantly higher origins scores than those who did not adopt. Conversely, participants who did not adopt hearing aids had higher pawns scores, however this finding was not statistically significant. There was no significant relationship between Origins and Pawns Scales and self-perceived hearing handicap nor were any gender differences found. Conclusions: Results of this study indicate that the Origins and Pawns Scales can be used reliably to assess the perception of locus of control for older adults with hearing impairment who present for clinical services. Both the Origins and Pawns Scales differentiated older adults who adopted hearing aids from those who did not. The Origins and Pawns Scales may prove to assist clinicians in addressing hearing aid adoption rates through targeting perceptions of control.Item Open Access Music consumption and uses in Japan(SAGE Publications, 2024) Kok, K; North, AC; Hamamura, T; Liew, Kong MengThis research investigates the relationship between music consumption and cultural dimensions within a Japanese context. Since Japan is the second largest music market globally, it is surprising that there is little focus on those factors often examined in cross-cultural research that might mean Western findings do not extrapolate well. A questionnaire using established measures of tightness–looseness, relational mobility, and ideal affect was used to test three main research questions. RQ1 was that there should be a relationship between cultural dimensions and musical taste, and this was fully supported. RQ2 was that cultural dimensions should relate to participants’ goals of music consumption, and this was largely supported. RQ3 was that there should be a relationship between socioeconomic status and musical taste, but this was not supported. The findings also supported several more specific research questions concerning how specific uses of music ought to relate to specific cultural dimensions. The findings of the study help us better understand the way music is consumed in relation to specific cultural dimensions in the context of Japan and beyond. It also extends the literature concerning music and cross-cultural psychology where prior research has not considered these dimensions within the context of music consumption.Item Open Access Terminology for chain polymerization (IUPAC Recommendations 2021)(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2022) Fellows , CM; Jones , RG; Keddie , DJ; Luscombe , CK; Matson , JB; Matyjaszewski, K; Merna, J; Moad, G; Nakano, T; Penczek, S; Russell, Greg; Topham, PDChain polymerizations are defined as chain reactions where the propagation steps occur by reaction between monomer(s) and active site(s) on the polymer chains with regeneration of the active site(s) at each step. Many forms of chain polymerization can be distinguished according to the mechanism of the propagation step (e.g., cyclopolymerization-when rings are formed, condensative chain polymerization-when propagation is a condensation reaction, group-transfer polymerization, polyinsertion, ring-opening polymerization-when rings are opened), whether they involve a termination step or not (e.g., living polymerization-when termination is absent, reversible-deactivation polymerization), whether a transfer step is involved (e.g., degenerative-transfer polymerization), and the type of chain carrier or active site (e.g., radical, ion, electrophile, nucleophile, coordination complex). The objective of this document is to provide a language for describing chain polymerizations that is both readily understandable and self-consistent, and which covers recent developments in this rapidly evolving field.Item Open Access Cataclysmic Disturbances to an Intertidal Ecosystem: Loss of Ecological Infrastructure Slows Recovery of Biogenic Habitats and Diversity(Frontiers Media SA, 2021) Schiel DR; Gerrity S; Orchard, Shane; Alestra T; Dunmore RA; Falconer T; Thomsen, Mads; Tait LWUnderstanding the resilience and recovery processes of coastal marine ecosystems is of increasing importance in the face of increasing disturbances and stressors. Large-scale, catastrophic events can re-set the structure and functioning of ecosystems, and potentially lead to different stable states. Such an event occurred in south-eastern New Zealand when a Mw 7.8 earthquake lifted the coastline by up to 6 m. This caused widespread mortality of intertidal algal and invertebrate communities over 130 km of coast. This study involved structured and detailed sampling of three intertidal zones at 16 sites nested into four degree of uplift (none, 0.4–1, 1.5–2.5, and 4.5–6 m). Recovery of large brown algal assemblages, the canopy species of which were almost entirely fucoids, were devastated by the uplift, and recovery after 4 years was generally poor except at sites with < 1 m of uplift. The physical infrastructural changes to reefs were severe, with intertidal emersion temperatures frequently above 35°C and up to 50°C, which was lethal to remnant populations and recruiting algae. Erosion of the reefs composed of soft sedimentary rocks was severe. Shifting sand and gravel covered some lower reef areas during storms, and the nearshore light environment was frequently below compensation points for algal production, especially for the largest fucoid Durvillaea antarctica/poha. Low uplift sites recovered much of their pre-earthquake assemblages, but only in the low tidal zone. The mid and high tidal zones of all uplifted sites remained depauperate. Fucoids recruited well in the low zone of low uplift sites but then were affected by a severe heat wave a year after the earthquake that reduced their cover. This was followed by a great increase in fleshy red algae, which then precluded recruitment of large brown algae. The interactions of species’ life histories and the altered physical and ecological infrastructure on which they rely are instructive for attempts to lessen manageable stressors in coastal environments and help future-proof against the effects of compounded impacts.Item Open Access Opportunistic discovery of giant kōkopu (Galaxias argenteus) spawning in a tidal reach: site description and implications(Informa UK Limited, 2023) Orchard, Shane; Wilkinson SThis paper reports the first observation of a giant kōkopu (Galaxias argenteus) spawning site in a tidal waterway and illustrates the usefulness of DNA barcoding for opportunistic discoveries that in this case involved the collection of a single egg. We describe key characteristics of the spawning site and compare them with the only other recorded giant kōkopu spawning location which was found in a much different environmental context far inland. This is also a novel observation of giant kōkopu and īnanga (G. maculatus) spawning on the same section of riverbank. Eggs from the two species occupied the same vertical elevation band, which together the consideration of tidal heights and the egg development stage suggest that the spawning event was triggered by a tidal cue. We discuss the implications of more widespread giant kōkopu spawning in tidal waterways, including historical perspectives contributing to their decline and the potential to reverse these trends.