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Item Open Access Hydrological modelling of niche construction at the Waitetoke Cultivation Complex, Ahuahu, Aotearoa New Zealand(Elsevier BV, 2024) Prebble, Matthew; Dijks A; Ladefoged TThe early Māori settlers of Ahuahu, a small island off the Coromandel Peninsula of Aotearoa New Zealand, engineered the environment to create a raised-bed irrigation system to grow taro (Colocasia esculenta). Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modelling of water flow provides insights into how the irrigation system functioned. Excavation and coring data and a digital elevation model combine to simulate the hydrology of the raised-bed irrigation system at Waitetoke on Ahuahu. This modelling demonstrates that for operation, the system required a series of channels and weirs to divert water from a nearby spring. The slow-moving water delivered nutrients to the cultivation area and also promoted the growth of nitrogen fixing algae. Exogenous nutrients including wood ash and calcium carbonate along with fire modified rocks derived from nearby household hearths added to the cultivation matrix created ideal conditions for taro growth. Over the span of over two hundred years, Māori engaged in various forms of niche construction to enhance taro production by altering feedback relationships between the geomorphology of the area, a natural spring, the constructed channels and weirs, water, cultivars, algae, and soil nutrients.Item Open Access Are null segregants new combinations of heritable material and should they be regulated?(Frontiers Media SA, 2022) Heinemann JA; Clark K; Hiscox TC; McCabe AW; Agapito-Tenfen SZThrough genome editing and other techniques of gene technology, it is possible to create a class of organism called null segregants. These genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are products of gene technology but are argued to have no lingering vestige of the technology after the segregation of chromosomes or deletion of insertions. From that viewpoint regulations are redundant because any unique potential for the use of gene technology to cause harm has also been removed. We tackle this question of international interest by reviewing the early history of the purpose of gene technology regulation. The active ingredients of techniques used for guided mutagenesis, e.g., site-directed nucleases, such as CRISPR/Cas, are promoted for having a lower potential per reaction to create a hazard. However, others see this as a desirable industrial property of the reagents that will lead to genome editing being used more and nullifying the promised hazard mitigation. The contest between views revolves around whether regulations could alter the risks in the responsible use of gene technology. We conclude that gene technology, even when used to make null segregants, has characteristics that make regulation a reasonable option for mitigating potential harm. Those characteristics are that it allows people to create more harm faster, even if it creates benefits as well; the potential for harm increases with increased use of the technique, but safety does not; and regulations can control harm scaling.Item Open Access Missing the forest and the trees: Utility, limits and caveats for drone imaging of coastal marine ecosystems(MDPI AG, 2021) Tait , Leigh W.; Orchard, Shane; Schiel , David R.Coastal marine ecosystems are under stress, yet actionable information about the cumulative effects of human impacts has eluded ecologists. Habitat-forming seaweeds in temperate regions provide myriad irreplaceable ecosystem services, but they are increasingly at risk of local and regional extinction from extreme climatic events and the cumulative impacts of land-use change and extractive activities. Informing appropriate management strategies to reduce the impacts of stressors requires comprehensive knowledge of species diversity, abundance and distributions. Remote sensing un-doubtedly provides answers, but collecting imagery at appropriate resolution and spatial extent, and then accurately and precisely validating these datasets is not straightforward. Comprehensive and long-running monitoring of rocky reefs exist globally but are often limited to a small subset of reef platforms readily accessible to in-situ studies. Key vulnerable habitat-forming seaweeds are often not well-assessed by traditional in-situ methods, nor are they well-captured by passive remote sensing by satellites. Here we describe the utility of drone-based methods for monitoring and detecting key rocky intertidal habitat types, the limitations and caveats of these methods, and suggest a standardised workflow for achieving consistent results that will fulfil the needs of managers for conservation efforts.Item Open Access Negative resistance and resilience: Biotic mechanisms underpin delayed biological recovery in stream restoration(The Royal Society, 2021) Barrett , Isabelle C.; McIntosh, Angus; Febria , Catherine M.; Warburton, HelenTraditionally, resistance and resilience are associated with good ecological health, often underpinning restoration goals. However, degraded ecosystems can also be highly resistant and resilient, making restoration difficult: degraded communities often become dominated by hyper-tolerant species, preventing recolonization and resulting in low biodiversity and poor ecosystem function. Using streams as a model, we undertook a mesocosm experiment to test if degraded community presence hindered biological recovery. We established 12 mesocosms, simulating physically healthy streams. Degraded invertebrate communities were established in half, mimicking the post-restoration scenario of physical recovery without biological recovery. We then introduced a healthy colonist community to all mesocosms, testing if degraded community presence influenced healthy community establishment. Colonists established less readily in degraded community mesocosms, with larger decreases in abundance of sensitive taxa, likely driven by biotic interactions rather than abiotic constraints. Resource depletion by the degraded community likely increased competition, driving priority effects. Colonists left by drifting, but also by accelerating development, reducing time to emergence but sacrificing larger body size. Since degraded community presence prevented colonist establishment, our experiment suggests successful restoration must address both abiotic and biotic factors, especially those that reinforce the 'negative' resistance and resilience which perpetuate degraded communities and are typically overlooked.Item Open Access The dynamic threat from landslides following large continental earthquakes(2024) Arrell , Katherine; Rosser , Nick J.; Kincey , Mark E.; Robinson, Tom; Horton , Pascal; Densmore , Alex L.; Oven , Katie J.; Shrestha , Ram; Pujara, Dammar SinghEarthquake-triggered landslides show three important characteristics: they are often responsible for a considerable proportion of the damage sustained during mountain region earthquakes, they are non-randomly distributed across space, and they continue to evolve in the years after the earthquake. Despite this, planning for future earthquakes rarely takes into consideration either landslides or their evolution with time. Here we couple a unique timeseries of mapped landslides between 2014–2020 across the area of Nepal impacted by the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake and a numerical landslide runout model overlain with building locations to examine how the distributions of both evolving landslide hazard and exposure intersect to generate a dynamic threat to buildings. The threat from landslide runout is shown to change in predictable ways after the earthquake, becoming more pronounced at mid- and lower-hillslope positions and remaining in the landscape for multiple years. Using the positions of our mapped landslides as a starting point, we can identify a priori the locations of 78% of buildings that were subsequently impacted by landslide debris. We show that landslide exposure and hazard vary from negligible to high, in relative terms, over lateral distances of as little as 10s of m. Our findings hold important implications for guiding reconstruction and for taking steps to reduce the risks from future earthquakes.Item Open Access Floristic homogenization of South Pacific islands commenced with human arrival(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024) Strandberg NA; Steinbauer MJ; Walentowitz A; Gosling WD; Fall PL; Prebble, Matthew; Stevenson J; Wilmshurst JM; Sear DA; Langdon PG; Edwards ME; Nogué SThe increasing similarity of plant species composition among distinct areas is leading to the homogenization of ecosystems globally. Human actions such as ecosystem modification, the introduction of non-native plant species and the extinction or extirpation of endemic and native plant species are considered the main drivers of this trend. However, little is known about when floristic homogenization began or about pre-human patterns of floristic similarity. Here we investigate vegetation trends during the past 5,000 years across the tropical, sub-tropical and warm temperate South Pacific using fossil pollen records from 15 sites on 13 islands within the biogeographical realm of Oceania. The site comparisons show that floristic homogenization has increased over the past 5,000 years. Pairwise Bray–Curtis similarity results also show that when two islands were settled by people in a given time interval, their floristic similarity is greater than when one or neither of the islands were settled. Importantly, higher elevation sites, which are less likely to have experienced human impacts, tended to show less floristic homogenization. While biotic homogenization is often referred to as a contemporary issue, we have identified a much earlier trend, likely driven by human colonization of the islands and subsequent impacts.Item Open Access A Decision-Support Tool to Augment Global Mountain Protection and Conservation, including a Case Study from Western Himalaya(MDPI AG, 2023) Jacobs P; Carbutt C; Beever EA; Foggin JM; Martin M; Orchard, Shane; Sayre RMountains are remarkable storehouses of global biodiversity that provide a broad range of ecosystem services underpinning billions of livelihoods. The world’s network of protected areas includes many iconic mountain landscapes. However, only ca. 19% of mountain areas globally are protected (excluding Antarctica); many mountain areas are inadequately (<30% of their total terrestrial area) or completely unprotected. To support the UN Convention on Biological Diversity’s Global Biodiversity Framework goal of protecting at least 30% of the world’s lands by 2030, we have developed a strategic decision-support tool for identifying and prioritizing which candidate mountain areas most urgently require protection. To test its efficacy, we applied the tool to the Western Himalaya Case Study Area (WHCSA). The six-step algorithm harnesses multiple datasets including mountain Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs), World Terrestrial Ecosystems, Biodiversity Hotspots, and Red List species and ecosystems. It also makes use of other key attributes including opportunities for disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation, developing mountain tourism, maintaining elevational gradients and natural ecological corridors, and conserving flagship species. This method resulted in nine categories of potential action—four categories for follow-up action (ranked by order of importance and priority), and five categories requiring no further immediate action (either because countries are inadequately equipped to respond to protection deficits or because their KBAs are deemed adequately protected). An area-based analysis of the WHCSA identified 33 mountain KBAs regarded as inadequately protected, which included 29 inadequately protected World Mountain Ecosystems. All 33 inadequately protected KBAs in the WHCSA are Category A1: first-priority mountain KBAs (located in the Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot in developing countries), requiring the most urgent attention for protection and conservation. Priorities for action can be fine-filtered by regional teams with sufficient local knowledge and country-specific values to finalize lists of priority mountain areas for protection. This rapid assessment tool ensures a repeatable, unbiased, and scientifically credible method for allocating resources and priorities to safeguard the world’s most biodiverse mountain areas facing myriad threats in the Anthropocene.Item Open Access "Blizzard blowing again and considerable discomfort on board as usual." Personal accounts of weather as scientific data, and the weather's influence on expedition members during the Heroic Age(Informa UK Limited, 2015) Rack, UrsulaThis paper presents an historic view on diaries and correspondence; in particular, how information related to weather was personally recorded and how Antarctic weather conditions influenced the expedition members in the Heroic Age (1897-1922). The paper is based on a presentation made at the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research Open Science Conference in Auckland 2014. In this study, diaries have been used from the German “Gauss”-Expedition (also known as the “German South Polar Expedition”), led by Erich von Drygalski and the British “Discovery”-Expedition (also known as the “British National Antarctic Expedition”), led by Robert Falcon Scott. Both expeditions were undertaken during the period from 1901 through 1904. The timeframe is of particular interest, because it is a time when the men who went south did not have reliable comparative accounts in order to adequately mentally prepare for what they were about to experience. To put the research into a wider context, there are links drawn between otherItem Open Access Collective action problems led to the cultural transformation of Sāmoa 800 years ago(Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2024) Cochrane EE; Quintus S; Prebble, Matthew; Tautunu TAAM; Autufuga D; Laumea M; Queenin A; Augustinus P; Lincoln NK; Freeman JIn this research we identify the processes leading to hierarchical society in a region of Sāmoa, the often-labelled ‘birthplace’ of the Polynesian chiefdoms. Our analyses in the Falefa Valley on ‘Upolu island combine lidar mapping and ground survey to reveal an extensive system of archaeological features: rock walls, ditches, and platforms. Excavation and radiocarbon dating underpin a feature chronology and characterize feature variation. Soil nutrient analyses and geoarchaeological coring indicate spatial differences in the agricultural potentional of the valley and human modification of the environment over time. Our results demonstrate that the construction of large rock walls, some several hundred meters long, began approximately 900–600 years ago, shortly after rapid population rise in Sāmoa. This was followed by the building of small rock walls, often enclosing rectilinear fields or platforms. Both rock wall types are concentrated in the western and northern regions of the valley and greater rock wall densities are associated with areas of higher agricultural potential. The earliest wall construction was penecontemporaneous with partial forest removal that created a more productive wetland environment in the southeastern region of the valley, an area later a focus of agricultural ditching. We propose that with population rise the variable fertility of agricultural land became a significant resource gradient, influencing the population in two ways. First, areas of more fertile agricultural land promoted territorial behaviour, including large rock walls, and led to a collective action problem. Second, niche construction in the form of human-induced environmental change created a productive wetland agricultural system that was enhanced with a reticulate ditch network, the maintenance of which also led to a collective action problem. We conclude that in the Falefa Valley, the second largest catchment in Sāmoa, collective action problems were the cause of increased social hierarchy and may underlie the origins of chiefdoms throughout Polynesia.Item Open Access A demographic model to support customary management of a culturally important waterfowl species(Resilience Alliance, Inc., 2022) Herse MR; Lyver POB; Gormley AM; Scott NJ; McIntosh, Angus; Fletcher D; Tylianakis, JasonScientific support invited by Indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLC) to assist with customary environmental management can improve conservation and community livelihoods. For example, demographic models can help to understand how alternative wildlife management strategies affect population dynamics and harvest sustainability. We developed a demographic model to assist Ngāi Tahu, the southern-most Māori tribe in Aotearoa/New Zealand, in customary management of a culturally important population of Black Swans (kakī anau, Cygnus atratus). We used recent demographic data, including results of an experimental egg harvest study, to inform tangata tiaki (Ngāi Tahu environmental guardians) about how customary egg harvest and background pressure from sport hunting of swans aged ≥ 1 year differentially affect population growth. We also assessed how sport hunting of swans affects the sustainability of customary egg harvest. Estimated population growth (1.018 or presently growing 1.8% annually; 95% CI: 0.808– 1.241) was most sensitive to changes in adult and subadult survival, followed by juvenile (first-year) survival, breeding propensity, and nest hatching success. Uncertainty in population growth was almost entirely attributable to uncertainty in swan survival rates after hatching. Sustainable population-level rates of egg harvest varied from none to more than half of all eggs, depending on small changes in adult and subadult survival. Population sensitivity to adult and subadult survival suggests that limiting and monitoring their mortality are crucial to population and egg harvest sustainability, whereas contemporary government-mandated species management, through Fish and Game New Zealand, allows adult and subadult mortality from sport hunting, with little record of offtake. Recognizing the rights and interests of Ngāi Tahu, and monitoring swan mortality more closely, could improve Ngāi Tahu abilities to practice customary harvest, enhance population and environmental monitoring, and, when appropriate, control swan numbers in a culturally appropriate and less wasteful way. The model we present could aid decision making and communication between Ngāi Tahu and New Zealand’s Crown government within a potential future co-management arrangement. Demographic models can be useful tools for supporting customary environmental management, but developing, maintaining, and implementing these tools requires support for adaptive policies and management arrangements that recognize IPLC rights to the environment and decision making.Item Open Access On the origins of computationally complex behavior(American Psychological Association (APA), 2020) Grace, Randolph; Carvell, G E; Morton, Nicola; Grice, M; Wilson, Anna; Kemp, SimonThere is considerable evidence for computationally complex behavior, that is, behavior that appears to require the equivalent of mathematical calculation by the organism. Spatial navigation by path integration is perhaps the best example. The most influential account of such behavior has been Gallistel's (1990) computational-representational theory, which assumes that organisms represent key environmental variables such as direction and distance traveled as real numbers stored in engrams and are able to perform arithmetic computations on those representations. But how are these computations accomplished? A novel perspective is gained from the historical development of algebra. We propose that computationally complex behavior suggests that the perceptual system represents an algebraic field, which is a mathematical concept that expresses the structure underlying arithmetic. Our field representation hypothesis predicts that the perceptual system computes 2 operations on represented magnitudes, not 1. We review recent research in which human observers were trained to estimate differences and ratios of stimulus pairs in a nonsymbolic task without explicit instruction (Grace, Morton, Ward, Wilson, & Kemp, 2018). Results show that the perceptual system automatically computes two operations when comparing stimulus magnitudes. A field representation offers a resolution to longstanding controversies in psychophysics about which of 2 algebraic operations is fundamental (e.g., the Fechner-Stevens debate), overlooking the possibility that both might be. In terms of neural processes that might support computationally complex behavior, our hypothesis suggests that we should look for evidence of 2 operations and for symmetries corresponding to the additive and multiplicative groups.Item Unknown The Anti-Proliferative Effect of PI3K/mTOR and ERK Inhibition in Monolayer and Three-Dimensional Ovarian Cancer Cell Models(MDPI AG, 2022) Dunn, E; Chitcholtan, K; Sykes, P; Garrill, AshleyMost ovarian cancer patients are diagnosed with advanced stage disease, which becomes unresponsive to chemotherapeutic treatments. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR and the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK kinase signaling pathways are attractive targets for potential therapeutic inhibitors, due to the high frequency of mutations to PTEN, PIK3CA, KRAS and BRAF in several ovarian cancer subtypes. However, monotherapies targeting one of these pathways have shown modest effects in clinical trials. This limited efficacy of the agents could be due to upregulation and increased signaling via the adjacent alternative pathway. In this study, the efficacy of combined PI3K/mTOR (BEZ235) and ERK inhibition (SCH772984) was investigated in four human ovarian cancer cell lines, grown as monolayer and three-dimensional cell aggregates. The inhibitor combination reduced cellular proliferation in a synergistic manner in OV-90 and OVCAR8 monolayers and in OV-90, OVCAR5 and SKOV3 aggregates. Sensitivity to the inhibitors was reduced in three-dimensional cell aggregates in comparison to monolayers. OV-90 cells cultured in large spheroids were sensitive to the inhibitors and displayed a robust synergistic antiproliferative response to the inhibitor combination. In contrast, OVCAR8 spheroids were resistant to the inhibitors. These findings suggest that combined PI3K/mTOR and ERK inhibition could be a useful strategy for overcoming treatment resistance in ovarian cancer and warrants further preclinical investigation. Additionally, in some cell lines the use of different three-dimensional models can influence cell line sensitivity to PI3K/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway inhibitors.Item Unknown Child abuse and neglect in complex dissociative disorder, abuse-related chronic PTSD, and mixed psychiatric samples(ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2016) Dorahy, Martin; Middleton, W; Seager, L; Williams, M; Chambers, ROnly a select number of studies have examined different forms of child maltreatment in complex dissociative disorders (DDs) in comparison to other groups. Few of these have used child abuse–related chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD) and mixed psychiatric (MP) patients with maltreatment as comparison groups. This study examined child sexual, physical, and emotional abuse as well as physical and emotional neglect in DD (n = 39), C-PTSD (n = 13), and MP (n = 21) samples, all with abuse and neglect histories. The predictive capacity of these different forms of maltreatment across the 3 groups was assessed for pathological dissociation, shame, guilt, relationship esteem, relationship anxiety, relationship depression, and fear of relationships. All forms of maltreatment differentiated the DD from the MP group, and sexual abuse differentiated the DD sample from the C-PTSD group. Childhood sexual abuse was the only predictor of pathological dissociation. Emotional abuse predicted shame, guilt, relationship anxiety, and fear of relationships. Emotional neglect predicted relationship anxiety and relationship depression. Physical neglect was associated with less relationship anxiety. Different forms of abuse and neglect are associated with different symptom clusters in psychiatric patients with maltreatment histories.Item Unknown Exploring the impact of antenatal micronutrients used as a treatment for maternal depression on infant temperament in the first year of life(Frontiers Media SA, 2024) Campbell SA; Dys, Sebastian; Henderson JMT; Bradley HA; Rucklidge, JuliaAntenatal depression and maternal nutrition can influence infant temperament. Although broad-spectrum-micronutrients (BSM: vitamins and minerals) given above Recommended Dietary Allowances during pregnancy can mitigate symptoms of antenatal depression, their associated effects on infant temperament are unknown. One hundred and fourteen New Zealand mother-infant dyads (45 infants exposed to BSM during pregnancy (range of exposure during pregnancy: 12–182 days) to treat antenatal depressive symptoms (measured by Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) and 69 non-exposed infants) were followed antenatally and for 12 months postpartum to determine the influence of in utero BSM exposure on infant temperament. The Infant Behavior Questionnaire–Revised: Very Short-Form assessed temperament at 4 (T1), 6 (T2) and 12 (T3) months postpartum via online questionnaire. Latent growth curve modeling showed BSM exposure, antenatal depression and infant sex did not statistically significantly predict initial levels or longitudinal changes in orienting/regulatory capacity (ORC), positive affectivity/surgency (PAS) or negative affectivity (NEG). Higher gestational age was positively associated with initial PAS, and smaller increases between T1 and T3. Breastfeeding occurrence was positively associated with initial NEG. Although not significant, BSM exposure exerted small, positive effects on initial NEG (β = −0.116) and longitudinal changes in ORC (β = 0.266) and NEG (β = −0.235). While BSM exposure did not significantly predict infant temperament, it may mitigate risks associated with antenatal depression. BSM-exposed infants displayed temperamental characteristics on par with typical pregnancies, supporting the safety of BSM treatment for antenatal depression.Item Unknown Felix König and the European science community across enemy lines during the First World War(Informa UK Limited, 2014) Rack, UrsulaThis paper explores the process of international cooperation within a scientific community in wartime, focusing on Felix König. He was an Austrian participant in the “Second German Antarctic Expedition” (1911-1912) led by Wilhelm Filchner. Later, he organised his own Antarctic expedition which had much support from leading polar explorers of his time including Fridtjof Nansen, Otto Nordenskjöld and Roald Amundsen. Because of the war, however, König was not allowed to begin his expedition. Instead, he joined the Austro-Hungarian Army, serving in Galicia (Poland). As a result, König became a prisoner of war in Siberia, prompting his mother to contact many of the polar explorers to help her free him. Her attempts, which failed, were not random futile pleadings from a worried mother since she was aware that the science community assisted in attempting to free prisoners. Transnational support of scientists across enemy boundaries was a further example of a civilised attempt to maintain contact despite the war. Members of the international scientific community sent books and other material into camps so that the officers could organise lectures and improve their studies. This became a welcome sign of civilisation for the prisoners who were often surrounded by circumstances of barbarism, food shortages and inadequate medical care. The sources for this study are the original letters, which are now in a private collection, written by the science community and Felix König himself.Item Unknown Review of landslide inventories for Nepal between 2010 and 2021 reveals data gaps in global landslide hotspot(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024) Harvey EL; Kincey ME; Rosser NJ; Gadtaula A; Collins E; Densmore AL; Dunant A; Oven KJ; Arrell K; Basyal GK; Dhital MR; Robinson, Tom; Van Wyk de Vries M; Paudyal S; Pujara DS; Shrestha RA review of landslide inventories provides an essential assessment of the state of knowledge around landslide hazard and can guide the focus of future studies. This is especially true in Nepal, which is highly prone to landslides, but lacks a comprehensive overview of landslide occurrence nationally. Here, we compile a database of 117 landslide inventories for Nepal released between 2010 and 2021. We review how these existing inventories shape our understanding of landsliding in Nepal and discuss how future research efforts could mitigate current challenges. We find that 40% of the country was only manually mapped once across the study period, and, crucially, these areas did not always correspond with areas of low landslide susceptibility. Instead, existing landslide inventories typically focus on specific areas, such as the region affected by the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake and major highway corridors. We also extrapolated the individual inventory characteristics from within this unique database to infer a national-scale areal density of 0.05 landslides per km2, equating to 6000 landslides across the country. This extrapolated value provides a baseline for future national-scale studies, especially for inventories created through automated mapping approaches. Our review highlights the importance of expanding the footprint of landslide inventories in Nepal to include regions with low mapping coverage and the need for inventories to be openly available, with clear protocols to enable inter-comparison. Whilst our review has focused on Nepal, these findings are likely to be relevant in other landslide-prone countries and our recommendations are intended to be applicable elsewhere.Item Unknown Agent-based Modelling of Evacuation Scenarios for a Landslide-Generated Tsunami in Milford Sound, New Zealand(Elsevier BV, 2024) Harris OL; Robinson, Tom; Wilson TMAgent-based modelling is a useful tool for evacuation planning as it can increase understanding of the factors affecting potential evacuation outcomes. In New Zealand, Milford Sound has been shown to have a high risk from landslide-generated tsunami, with an estimated 1-in-1000-year wave runup of ~17 m arriving on shore within 2-7 minutes. With an annual average of >1,500 people visiting a day, there is potential for widespread loss of life. However, the number of people present varies substantially with time of day and season, yet how this affects the ability to evacuate remains unknown. This research developed an agent-based model to understand how many people can be safely evacuated in Milford Sound and explored how the number of people initially exposed affected the evacuation outcome alongside the effect of potential changes to evacuation messaging. Assuming a 17 m wave, the results suggest that currently no one can safely evacuate before the shortest wave arrival time regardless of the number of people present. Altering evacuation messaging results in minimal gains, with only ~5% of the exposed population reaching safety in time. This work demonstrates the importance of evacuation modelling for understanding risk in isolated tourism destinations where the population exposure can fluctuate dramatically across multiple timescales. Accounting for changing population exposure is essential to understand whether evacuation is a suitable risk treatment and can provide valuable information for determining safe levels of population exposure in locations with high hazard but limited evacuation options.Item Unknown Conceptions of national identity in a globalised world: Antecedents and consequences(ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2014) Yogeeswaran, Kumar; Dasgupta N© 2014, © 2014 European Association of Social Psychology. The emergence of nation states is a relatively recent phenomenon in human history. Yet its impact on everyday life is ubiquitous. The purpose of the present article is to synthesise research from several social science disciplines to iden tify similarities and differences between legal and structural definitions of nation states studied by political scientists and historians and psychological conceptions of nation states studied by social psychologists. Using a social psychological lens, we investigate how nation states as political institutions influence psychological conceptions of national identity and how these construals have unique effects on perceivers’ attitudes, behaviour, and inclusion of diverse ethnic groups within the nation. Four research questions guide this article. First, how do modern nation states define citizenship legally and to what extent do these definitions fit psychological conceptions of nationality that individuals report explicitly or implicitly? Second, to what extent do these implicit and explicit conceptions of national identity influence majority group members’ actions and decisions in both positive and negative directions? Third, what types of perceiver characteristics (e.g., national identification, political ideology, status, social dominance) influence attitudes, behaviour, and inclusion of ethnic minorities and immigrants? And finally, in what ways do conceptions of nationality impact the self-concept and well-being of ethnic minorities and immigrants within a nation? We summarise extant research that addresses each question and conclude by identifying unanswered questions and avenues for future work.Item Unknown Exploring Individual and Contextual Antecedents of Attitudes toward Cheating and Plagiarism(Informa UK Limited, 2014) Kuntz, Joana; Butler CThe purpose of this study was to identify the relative contribution of individual and contextual predictors to students' attitudes toward the acceptability of cheating and plagiarism. A group of 324 students from a tertiary institution in New Zealand completed an online survey. The findings indicate that gender, justice sensitivity, and understanding of university policies regarding academic dishonesty were the key predictors of the students' attitudes toward the acceptability of cheating and plagiarism, both as agents of dishonest conduct and as witnesses of misconduct among their peers. The implications of these findings for the development of policies and initiatives in tertiary institutions are discussed. Copyright © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Item Open Access The roles of sexual selection and sexual conflict in shaping patterns of genome and transcriptome variation(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2023) Tosto, Nicole; Beasley, Emily R.; Wong, Bob; Mank, Judith; Flanagan, SarahSexual dimorphism is one of the most prevalent, and often the most extreme, examples of phenotypic variation within species, and arises primarily from genomic variation that is shared between females and males. Many sexual dimorphisms arise through sex differences in gene expression, and sex-biased expression is one way that a single, shared genome can generate multiple, distinct phenotypes. Although many sexual dimorphisms are expected to result from sexual selection, and many studies have invoked the possible role of sexual selection to explain sex-specific traits, the role of sexual selection in the evolution of sexually dimorphic gene expression remains difficult to differentiate from other forms of sex-specific selection. In this Review, we propose a holistic framework for the study of sex-specific selection and transcriptome evolution. We advocate for a comparative approach, across tissues, developmental stages and species, which incorporates an understanding of the molecular mechanisms, including genomic variation and structure, governing gene expression. Such an approach is expected to yield substantial insights into the evolution of genetic variation and have important applications in a variety of fields, including ecology, evolution and behaviour.