Unique genome organization of non-mammalian papillomaviruses provides insights into the evolution of viral early proteins.

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dc.contributor.authorVan Doorslaer K
dc.contributor.authorRuoppolo V
dc.contributor.authorSchmidt A
dc.contributor.authorLescroël A
dc.contributor.authorJongsomjit D
dc.contributor.authorElrod M
dc.contributor.authorKraberger S
dc.contributor.authorStainton D
dc.contributor.authorDugger KM
dc.contributor.authorBallard G
dc.contributor.authorAinley DG
dc.contributor.authorVarsani A
dc.date.accessioned2018-04-26T02:58:13Z
dc.date.available2018-04-26T02:58:13Z
dc.date.issued2017en
dc.date.updated2018-01-04T01:42:10Z
dc.description.abstractThe family Papillomaviridae contains more than 320 papillomavirus types, with most having been identified as infecting skin and mucosal epithelium in mammalian hosts. To date, only nine non-mammalian papillomaviruses have been described from birds (n = 5), a fish (n = 1), a snake (n = 1), and turtles (n = 2). The identification of papillomaviruses in sauropsids and a sparid fish suggests that early ancestors of papillomaviruses were already infecting the earliest Euteleostomi. The Euteleostomi clade includes more than 90 per cent of the living vertebrate species, and progeny virus could have been passed on to all members of this clade, inhabiting virtually every habitat on the planet. As part of this study, we isolated a novel papillomavirus from a 16-year-old female Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) from Cape Crozier, Ross Island (Antarctica). The new papillomavirus shares ∼64 per cent genome-wide identity to a previously described Adélie penguin papillomavirus. Phylogenetic analyses show that the non-mammalian viruses (expect the python, Morelia spilota, associated papillomavirus) cluster near the base of the papillomavirus evolutionary tree. A papillomavirus isolated from an avian host (Northern fulmar; Fulmarus glacialis), like the two turtle papillomaviruses, lacks a putative E9 protein that is found in all other avian papillomaviruses. Furthermore, the Northern fulmar papillomavirus has an E7 more similar to the mammalian viruses than the other avian papillomaviruses. Typical E6 proteins of mammalian papillomaviruses have two Zinc finger motifs, whereas the sauropsid papillomaviruses only have one such motif. Furthermore, this motif is absent in the fish papillomavirus. Thus, it is highly likely that the most recent common ancestor of the mammalian and sauropsid papillomaviruses had a single motif E6. It appears that a motif duplication resulted in mammalian papillomaviruses having a double Zinc finger motif in E6. We estimated the divergence time between Northern fulmar-associated papillomavirus and the other Sauropsid papillomaviruses be to around 250 million years ago, during the Paleozoic-Mesozoic transition and our analysis dates the root of the papillomavirus tree between 400 and 600 million years ago. Our analysis shows evidence for niche adaptation and that these non-mammalian viruses have highly divergent E6 and E7 proteins, providing insights into the evolution of the early viral (onco-)proteins.en
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1093/ve/vex027
dc.identifier.issn2057-1577
dc.identifier.issn2057-1577
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10092/15235
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen
dc.rightsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.en
dc.subjectavianen
dc.subjectbirden
dc.subjectevolutionen
dc.subjectpapillomavirusen
dc.subjectreptileen
dc.subject.anzsrcFields of Research::31 - Biological sciences::3107 - Microbiology::310706 - Virologyen
dc.subject.anzsrcFields of Research::31 - Biological sciences::3109 - Zoology::310902 - Animal cell and molecular biologyen
dc.titleUnique genome organization of non-mammalian papillomaviruses provides insights into the evolution of viral early proteins.en
dc.typeJournal Articleen
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