Fan DAlamri YLiu KMacaskill MHarris PBrimble MPrickett TMenzies OLaurenson AAnderson TGuan JDalrymple-Alford, John2021-07-052021-07-052018Fan D, Alamri Y, Liu K, Macaskill M, Harris P, Brimble M, Dalrymple-Alford J, Prickett T, Menzies O, Laurenson A, Anderson T, Guan J (2018). Supplementation of blackcurrant anthocyanins increased cyclic glycine-proline in the cerebrospinal fluid of parkinson patients: Potential treatment to improve insulin-like growth factor-1 function. Nutrients. 10(6). 714-714.2072-6643https://hdl.handle.net/10092/102171Background: Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) function is impaired in Parkinson disease. Cyclic glycine-proline (cGP), a metabolite of IGF-1, is neuroprotective through improving IGF-1 function. Parkinson disease patients score lower on Hospital-associated Anxiety and Depression Scale after supplementing blackcurrant anthocyanins (BCA), which may be associated with IGF-1 function. We evaluated the changes of cGP and IGF-1 before and after the supplementation. Methods: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected from 11 male patients before and after 28 day supplementation of BCA. The concentrations of IGF-1, IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3, and cGP were measured using ELISA and HPLC-MS assays. The presence of cGP in the BCA was evaluated. Results: cGP presented in the BCA. BCA supplementation increased the concentration of cGP (p < 0.01), but not IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in the CSF. CSF concentration of cGP was correlated with plasma concentration of cGP (R = 0.68, p = 0.01) and cGP/IGF-1 molar ratio (R = 0.66, p = 0.01). The CSF/plasma ratio was high in cGP and low in IGF-1 and IGFBP-3. Conclusion: cGP is a natural nutrient to the BCA. The increased CSF cGP in Parkinson disease patients may result from the central uptake of plasma cGP. Given neurotrophic function, oral availability, and effective central uptake of cGP, the BCA has the potential to be developed to treat neurological conditions with IGF-1 deficiency.en© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).HumansRibesFruitParkinson DiseaseAnthocyaninsPeptides, CyclicInsulin-Like Growth Factor IInsulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3Antiparkinson AgentsTreatment OutcomeTime FactorsAgedAged, 80 and overMiddle AgedNew ZealandMaleBiomarkerscyclic Glycine-Proline (cGP)bioavailability of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)blackcurrant anthocyaninsautocrine regulationcerebrospinal fluidcentral uptakeJournal Article2021-06-290908 Food Sciences1111 Nutrition and DieteticsFields of Research::32 - Biomedical and clinical sciences::3209 - Neurosciences::320905 - Neurology and neuromuscular diseasesFields of Research::52 - Psychology::5202 - Biological psychology::520203 - Cognitive neuroscienceFields of Research::52 - Psychology::5202 - Biological psychology::520205 - PsychopharmacologyFields of Research::32 - Biomedical and clinical sciences::3210 - Nutrition and dietetics::321002 - Food properties (incl. characteristics and health benefits)Fields of Research::32 - Biomedical and clinical sciences::3210 - Nutrition and dietetics::321001 - Clinical nutritionhttp://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060714