Pyroluria: Fact or Fiction?

Abstract

Objective: The term "Mauve factor" (pyrroluria) dates back to 1958 when Dr. Abram Hoffer defined the condition as elevated levels of pyrroles in the urine, currently called hydroxyhemepyrrolin-2-one (HPL). It was suggested that the raised pyrrole levels lead to depletions in zinc and vitamin B₆, which, in turn, were hypothesized to result in a range of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression. Treatment implications are supplementation with zinc and B₆. This article aimed to review the scientific literature associating pyrroluria with psychiatric symptoms, explore the validity of HPL testing, explore the role of nutrients as treatment options for pyrroluria, and discuss future research directions. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A PRISMA review was conducted using search results from electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE from inception to February 2020 using the following keywords: hydroxyhemepyryrrolin (HPL), kryptopyrrole (KP), mauve factor, pyroluria, pyrroluria, monopyrroles. Article reference lists were also scanned and included where relevant. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Seventy-three articles were identified of which only three studies identified significantly higher HPL levels in a psychiatric population compared with controls, and there were no placebo-controlled treatment trials directed at pyrroluria. The other 13 clinical studies either showed no association or did not provide adequate data to show group differences in HPL levels. Despite an extensive history of practitioners diagnosing and treating a wide variety of mental health conditions associated with pyrroluria as well as <i>clinical</i> observations of elevated HPL being associated with psychiatric disorders, there was no clear research that showed the following: (1) elevated HPL is robustly associated with increased mental health symptoms, (2) elevated HPL in urine is associated with increased urine excretion of zinc and B₆, and (3) high-dose zinc and B₆ are an efficacious treatment for mental health problems associated with elevated HPL. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Elevated HPL is a clinically observed, but poorly researched biomarker with unclear associations with mental disorders. Based on current evidence, HPL testing is not recommended as a screening or treatment tool. Further research is required in the following areas: establishment of which specific clinical populations exhibit elevated HPL, validation of the chemistry and validity of testing, and controlled trials to establish efficacy of high-dose zinc and B₆ as treatment of elevated pyrroles.